Class 12 Physics Syllabus
Introduction to Physics class 12 syllabus
Physics, the study of matter and energy and their interactions, is a captivating scientific discipline that unveils the fundamental laws governing the universe. In the 12th grade, students embark on a journey to deepen their understanding of physics, exploring complex theories, principles, and mathematical equations. The class 12 syllabus covers a wide range of topics, including electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, optics, modern physics, and more. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of the class 12 physics syllabus, highlighting syllabus of physics for JEE Main and their applications.
Class 12 Physics Chapters: Chapter wise list
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Units |
Class 12 Physics Chapters |
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I |
Electrostatics
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Chapter 1 |
Electric Charges and Fields
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Chapter 2 |
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
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II |
Current Electricity
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Chapter 3 |
Current Electricity
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III |
Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism
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Chapter 4 |
Moving Charges and Magnetism
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Chapter 5 |
Magnetism and Matter
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IV |
Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current
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Chapter 6 |
Electromagnetic Induction
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Chapter 7 |
Alternating Current
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V |
Electromagnetic Waves
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Chapter 8 |
Electromagnetic Waves
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VI |
Optics
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Chapter 9 |
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
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Chapter 10 |
Wave Optics
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VII |
Dual Nature of Matter
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Chapter 11 |
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
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VIII |
Atoms & Nuclei
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Chapter 12 |
Atoms
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Chapter 13 |
Nuclei
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IX |
Electronic Devices
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Chapter 14 |
Semiconductor Electronics
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X |
Communication Systems
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Chapter 15 |
Communication Systems
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XI |
Practical Work |
Physics Class 12 Syllabus: Detailed
Unit I: Electrostatics :
The first unit of the class 12 physics syllabus delves into the fascinating realm of electrostatics, which focuses on the study of electric charges and their interactions. Students begin by understanding the conservation of charge and Coulomb's law, which describes the force between two point charges. They explore the superposition principle and learn how to calculate the forces between multiple charges.
The concept of electric field and its calculation due to a point charge and a dipole is introduced. Students also explore the torque experienced by a dipole in a uniform electric field. Additionally, they study electric flux and its application through Gauss's theorem, enabling them to determine the electric field due to infinitely long straight wires, uniformly charged infinite plane sheets, and thin spherical shells.
Moving on, students dive into the realm of electric potential and capacitance. They learn about electric potential due to point charges and dipoles, along with equipotential surfaces. The electrical potential energy of a system of charges and dipoles in an electric field is also covered. Furthermore, students explore the concepts of conductors, insulators, dielectrics, and capacitors. They learn how to calculate capacitance and understand the energy stored in a capacitor.
Unit II: Current Electricity :
The second unit of the class 12 physics syllabus focuses on current electricity, which deals with the flow of electric charges in conductors and circuits. Students start by learning about electric current, drift velocity, and mobility. Ohm's law, which relates current, voltage, and resistance, is a fundamental principle covered in this unit. Students explore linear and non-linear V-I characteristics and understand the concepts of electrical energy, power, resistivity, and conductivity.
The topic of resistors, including carbon resistors and their color coding, is discussed. Series and parallel combinations of resistors, as well as the temperature dependence of resistance, are also covered. The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference, electromotive force (EMF), and their combinations in series and parallel are explored. Kirchhoff's laws, which are essential for analyzing complex circuits, and their practical applications are covered. Students also learn about Wheatstone bridge and the potentiometer, which are used for precise measurements of potential difference and comparison of EMFs.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism:
The third unit of the class 12 physics syllabus explores the fascinating interplay between electric currents and magnetism. Students begin by understanding the concept of a magnetic field through Oersted's experiment. They learn about the Biot-Savart law, which enables the calculation of the magnetic field due to a current-carrying circular loop, and Ampere's law, which determines the magnetic field due to an infinitely long straight wire. The magnetic field inside straight and toroidal solenoids is also discussed.
The force experienced by a moving charge in a magnetic field and the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors (Ampere's definition) are explored. Students investigate the torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field and its application in moving coil galvanometers. The conversion of moving coil galvanometers to ammeters and voltmeters is also covered.
Moving on, students delve into magnetism and matter. They learn about magnetic dipole moments, magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, and the torque experienced by a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. The equivalence between a bar magnet and a solenoid is discussed. Students explore magnetic field lines, the Earth's magnetic field, and magnetic elements. The properties of para-, dia-, and ferromagnetic substances are explored, along with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths are also covered, along with permanent magnets.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents:
The fourth unit of the class 12 physics syllabus delves into the fascinating realm of electromagnetic induction and alternating currents. Students explore the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which is the process of generating an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor by varying the magnetic field. They study Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction and understand the concepts of induced EMF and current.
Lenz's Law, which states that the direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the change that produced it, is also covered. Students learn about eddy currents, which are induced currents that circulate within conductive materials, and their applications. Furthermore, they explore self-induction and mutual induction, which are key principles in the functioning of inductors and transformers.
The syllabus then transitions to alternating currents (AC). Students understand the concepts of peak and RMS values of alternating current/voltage. They explore reactance and impedance in AC circuits, including the behavior of capacitors and inductors. The phenomenon of LC oscillations and resonance in LCR series circuits is discussed. Additionally, students learn about power in AC circuits, wattless current, and the working principles of AC generators and transformers.
Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves :
The fifth unit introduces students to the fascinating world of electromagnetic waves. They explore the concept of displacement current, which is an essential part of Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetic waves are studied in detail, including their characteristics and transverse nature. The electromagnetic spectrum is covered, spanning radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Students gain an understanding of the properties and uses of each type of electromagnetic wave.
Unit VI: Optics:
Unit VI of the class 12 physics syllabus focuses on the study of optics, which deals with the behavior and properties of light. Students begin by studying ray optics, which involves the reflection and refraction of light. They learn about the laws of reflection and refraction and understand how these phenomena occur at plane and spherical surfaces.
The syllabus covers the behavior of light in different optical systems, including the formation of images by mirrors and lenses. Students explore the characteristics of spherical mirrors, the mirror formula, and the concepts of object distance, image distance, and magnification. They also learn about refraction at spherical surfaces and delve into the properties and calculations associated with lenses, such as the thin lens formula and lensmaker's formula.
Students are introduced to the fascinating phenomena of total internal reflection and dispersion of light. They explore the applications of total internal reflection in optical fibers and the formation of rainbows due to dispersion.
The class 12 physics syllabus also covers the phenomenon of scattering of light, which explains the blue color of the sky and the reddish appearance of the sun during sunrise and sunset. Students gain an understanding of the interaction between light and matter, including polarized light and Brewster's law.
Additionally, the unit encompasses the study of optical instruments such as microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Students explore the working principles, magnifying powers, and applications of these instruments, including both reflecting and refracting telescopes.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation:
Unit VII explores the intriguing concept of the dual nature of matter and radiation. Students learn about the wave-particle duality, which states that matter and radiation can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
They study the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect, which involves the emission of electrons from a material when exposed to light. The observations of Hertz and Lenard, as well as Einstein's photoelectric equation, are discussed to establish the particle nature of light.
Furthermore, students explore the wave nature of particles, known as matter waves, as proposed by de Broglie. The de Broglie relation, which relates the wavelength of a particle to its momentum, is covered. The famous Davisson-Germer experiment, which provided experimental evidence for the wave nature of electrons, is also mentioned.
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei:
The eighth unit of the class 12 physics syllabus delves into the fascinating world of atoms and nuclei. Students explore the historic alpha-particle scattering experiment that led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. They learn about Rutherford's model of the atom, which describes the atom as a tiny, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons.
The Bohr model of the atom is covered, introducing the concept of energy levels and the hydrogen spectrum. Students gain an understanding of the atomic masses, isotopes, isobars, and isotones. They explore the phenomenon of radioactivity, including alpha, beta, and gamma particles/rays, and the properties associated with radioactive decay.
The concept of mass-energy relation is discussed, including the concepts of mass defect and binding energy per nucleon. Students explore nuclear fission and fusion, which are processes that release enormous amounts of energy.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices:
Unit IX focuses on semiconductor electronics, covering the materials, devices, and circuits involved in this field. Students gain an understanding of energy bands in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. The concept of a semiconductor diode, including its I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, is explored. Special purpose p-n junction diodes, such as LEDs, photodiodes, solar cells, and Zener diodes, are introduced along with their characteristics and applications.
The syllabus includes an introduction to junction transistors and their action as amplifiers in the common emitter configuration. Students also learn about analog and digital signals, as well as logic gates, including OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates.
Unit X: Communication Systems:
The final unit of the class 12 physics syllabus explores communication systems. Students gain an understanding of the elements of a communication system, including the transmission and reception of signals. They learn about the bandwidth of signals, propagation of electromagnetic waves in different environments, and the importance of modulation in signal transmission.
The syllabus covers the concepts of amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) and compares the advantages of FM over AM. Students also gain a basic understanding of the internet, mobile telephony, and the global positioning system (GPS) and their significance in modern communication.
Practical Work:
The class 12 physics syllabus includes practical work, which allows students to apply their theoretical knowledge in a hands-on manner. Students are required to maintain records of at least 15 experiments performed by themselves and at least 5 experiments demonstrated by their teachers. Additionally, they are expected to complete a project report based on a specific topic or experiment.
Physics Class 12 Syllabus Conclusion:
The class 12 physics syllabus provides a comprehensive exploration of a wide range of topics, allowing students to develop a deep understanding of the fundamental principles that govern the physical world. From electromagnetism to optics, quantum mechanics, and modern physics, students delve into the intricacies of the subject.
By studying the syllabus thoroughly, engaging in practical experiments, and utilizing various resources, students can gain a strong foundation in physics. This knowledge not only prepares them for their board examinations but also equips them for future academic pursuits or careers in scientific fields that rely on a profound understanding of physics.
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